2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试 英语(二)

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2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语(二)

(科目代码：204)

Section I    Use of English

Directions:

Read  the  following  text.  Choose  the  best  word(s)  for  each  numbered  blank  and

mark  A,B,  C  or  D  on  the  ANSWER  SHEET.(10  points)

Harlan  Coben believes that  if you're  a writer, you'll  find the time;  and that if you  can't  find  the  time,  then  writing  isn't  a  priority  and  you're  not  a  writer.   For  him,  writing  is  a   1   job—a  job  like  any  other.  He  has   2   it  with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesn't wake up and say that he can't work

with pipes today.

3     , like most writers these days, you're holding down a job to pay the bills,  it's  not   4   to find the time to write. But it's not impossible. It requires determination   and   single-mindedness.   5   that most bestselling  authors began writing  when  they  were  doing  other  things  to  earn  a  living.  And  today,  even writers who are fairly    6   often have to do other work to   7   their  writing

income.

As  Harlan  Coben  has  suggested,  it's  a   8   of priorities.  To  make  writing a  priority,  you'll  have  to   9   some  of your  day-to-day  activities  and  some things you really enjoy. Depending on your   10  and  your  lifestyle,  that  might mean  spending  less  time  watching  television  or  listening  to  music,  though  some people  can  write   11  they  listen  to  music.  You  might  have  to   12  the    amount of exercise or sport you do. You'll have to make social media an  13

activity rather than  a  daily, time-consuming    14 .There'll  probably  have  to  be less  socializing  with  your  friends  and  less  time  with  your  family.  It's  a    15  learning  curve,  and  it won't  always make you popular.

There's just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for,    16 your writing—and that's reading. Any writer needs to read as much and as widely  as  they  can;  it's  the  one 17    supporter—something  you  can't  do  without.

Time  is  finite.  The  older  you  get,  the 18    it  seems  to  go.  We  need  to use it as carefully and as 19    as we  can. That means prioritising  our activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. If you're a writer,  that  means—    20  —writing.

英语(二)试题 . 1 . (共15页)

1.      A.      difficult.normalC.        steadyD.        pleasant

2.      A.      combined.comparedC.         confusedD.          confronted

3.    A.    If.ThoughC.       OnceD.       Unless

4.      A.      enough.strangeC.       wrongD.      easy

5.      A.      Accept.ExplainC.          RememberD.        Suppose

6.       A.       well-known.well-advisedC.            well-informedD.          well-chosen

7.A.            donate.generateC.          supplementD.         calculate

8.A.cause.purposeC.         questionD.         condition

9.      A.      highlight.sacrificeC.         continueD.        explore

10.           A.relations.interestsC.         memoriesD.       skills

11.A.           until.becauseC.       whileD.       before

12.    A.    put    up    with.make    up    forC.    hang    on    toD.    cut    down    on

13.       A.       intelligent.occasionalC.         intensiveD.         emotional

14.     A.     habit.testC.         decisionD.       plan

15.      A.      tough.gentleC.       rapidD.       funny

16.    A.    in    place    of.in    charge    ofC.     in    response    toD.     in     addition     to

17.       A.        indispensable.innovativeC.         invisibleD.        instant

18.      A.      duller.harderC.        quieterD.        quicker

19.       A.       peacefully.generouslyC.          productivelyD.         gratefully

20.    A.    at    most.in    turnC.      on      averageD.     above     all

Section Ⅱ    Reading Comprehension

Part  A

Directions:

Read the  following  four texts. Answer the  questions  after  each text by  choosing

A,B,  C  or  D.  Mark  your  answers  on  the  ANSWER  SHEET.(40  points)

英语(二)试题 .2. (共15页)

Text 1

On  a  recent  sunny  day,  13,000  chickens  roam  over  Larry  Brown's  40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water with the cows. This all  seems random, but it's by design, part of what the $6.1 billion U. S. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate- friendly eggs.

These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they're also from  birds  that  live  on  farms  using  regenerative  agriculture—special  techniques  to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.

"I'm  excited  about  our  progress,"  says  Brown,  who  harvests  eggs  for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds' waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements "allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers."

The egg industry's push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli,and beyond.

Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal,  if any, improvement to the food products(though some producers say their eggs have more protein).

The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes  such  as  free-range, non-GMO,  and pasture-raised  eggs will  embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment. Young adults "really   care   about   the   planet,"   says   John   Brunnquell,   president   of  Egg Innovations."They  are  absolutely  altering the  food  chain beyond what I think even they understand what they're doing."

英语(二)试题 .3. (共15页)

21.  The  climate-friendly  eggs  are  produced              

A.  at  a  considerably  low  cost

B.  at  the  demand  of regular  shoppers

C.  as  a  replacement  for  organic  eggs

D.  on  specially  designed  farms

22.  Larry  Brown  is  excited  about  his  progress  in              

A.  reducing  the  damage  of worms

B.  accelerating  the  disposal  of  waste

C.  creating  a  sustainable  system

D.  attracting  customers  to  his  products

23.  The  example  of organic  eggs  is  used  in  Paragraph  4  to  suggest             

A.  the  doubts  over  natural  foods

B.  the  setbacks  in  the  egg  industry

C.  the  potential  of  regenerative  products

D.  the  promotional  success  of  supermarkets

24.  It  can  be  learned  from  the  last  paragraph  that  young  people              

A.  are  reluctant  to  change  their  diet

B.  are  likely  to  buy  climate-friendly  eggs

C.  are  curious  about  new  foods

D.  are  amazed  at  agriculture  advances

25. John    Brunnquell    would    disagree    with    Julie    Stanton    over    regenerative

products'                 .

A.   market   prospects

B.   standard   definition

C.   nutritional   value

D.   moral   implications

英语(二)试题 .4 . (共15页)

Text 2

More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.

One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll  for  TD  Ameritrade.  Even  more  surprising  is  that  more  than  half  of "unretirees"—those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring—said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough

money to settle down, the survey showed.

Financial  needs  aren't  the  only  culprit  for  the  "unretirement”trend.  Other reasons,  according  to  the  study,  include  personal  fulfillment  such  as  staying

mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression.

"The   concept   of  retirement   is   evolving,"said   Christine   Russell,senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade."It's not just about finances. The value

of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement."

One  reason  for  the  change  in  retirement  patterns:  Americans  are  living longer. Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to  79.  Six in  10"unretirees"  are increasing their  savings in anticipation of a longer life, according to the survey. Among the most popular ways  they  are  doing  this,  the  company  said,  is  by  reducing  their  overall

expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement

accounts.

Unfortunately,  many  people  who  are  opting  to  work  in  retirement  are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser

to set long-term financial goals.

"The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and  ultimately  retiring,"Weiss  said."It's  not just  a  financial  decision,  but  an

emotional one. Many people believe they can't retire."

英语(二)试题 .5. (共15页)

26.  The  survey  conducted  by  Harris  Poll  indicates  that              

A.  over  half of the  retirees  are  physically  fit  for  work

B.  the  old  workforce  is  as  active  as  the  younger  one

C.  one  in  three  Americans  enjoy  earlier  retirement

D.  more  Americans  are  willing  to  work  in  retirement

27.  It  can be  inferred  from  Paragraph  3  that Americans  tend to  think that             

A.  retirement  may  cause  problems  for  them

B.  boredom  can  be  relieved  after  retirement

C.  the  mental  health  of retirees  is  overlooked

D."unretirement"contributes    to    the     economy

28.  Retirement  patterns  are  changing  partly  due  to              

A.   labor   shortage

B.   population   growth

C.  longer  life  expectancy

D.  rising  living  costs

29.  Many  "unretirees"  are  increasing  their  savings  by              

A.  investing  more  in  stocks

B.  taking  up  odd  jobs

C.  getting  well-paid  work

D.   spending   less

30.  With  regard  to  retirement,  Brent  Weiss  thinks  that  many  people  are              

A.   unprepared

B.   unafraid

C.    disappointed

D.    enthusiastic

英语(二)试题 .6 . (共15页)

Text 3

We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think  about  the  times  you  felt  tricked  or  frustrated  by  a  membership  or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel.  Something   that   should   be   simple   and   transparent   can   be   complicated,  intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.

First  coined  in  2010  by  user  experience  expert  Harry  Brignull,"dark patterns”  is  a  catch-all  term  for  practices  that  manipulate  user  interfaces  to influence the  decision-making  ability  of users. Brignull  identifies  12 types  of common  dark patterns, ranging  from misdirection  and hidden  costs to  “roach motel," where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.

In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and  11,000 websites, researchers found  that  about  one  in  10  employs  these  design  practices.  Though  widely  prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.

Where  is  the  line  between  ethical,  persuasive  design  and  dark  patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/ user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface, as  well  as  the  marketers  and  advertisers  responsible  for  sign-ups,  checkout baskets,  pricing,  and  promotions.  Any  or  all  these  teams  can  play  a  role  in creating or avoiding "digital deception."

Lawmakers  and  regulators  are  slowly  starting  to  address  the  ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney  General  announced  the  approval  of additional  regulations  under  the California  Consumer  Privacy  Act(CCPA)that  "ensure  that  consumers  will  not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.”The regulations  aim to ban  dark patterns—this means prohibiting  companies  from using"confusing  language  or unnecessary  steps  such  as  forcing  them  to  click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt out."

As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can  be  addressed  on  a  self-regulatory  basis,  but  only  if  organizations  hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standards.

英语(二)试题 .7. (共15页)

31.  It  can  be  learned  from  the  first  two  paragraphs  that  dark  patterns             

A.  improve  user  experiences

B.  leak  user  information  for  profit

C.   undermine   users'   decision-making

D.  remind  users  of hidden  costs

32.  The  2019  study  on  dark patterns  is  mentioned  to  show              

A.  their  major  flaws

B.  their  complex  designs

C.  their  severe  damage

D.  their  strong  presence

33.  To  handle  digital  deception,  businesses  should             

A.  listen  to  customer  feedback

B.  talk  with  relevant  teams

C.  turn  to  independent  agencies

D.  rely  on  professional  training

34.  The  additional  regulations  under  the  CCPA  are  intended  to             

A.  guide  users  through  opt-out  processes

B.  protect  consumers  from  being  tricked

C.  grant  companies  data  privacy  rights

D.  restrict  access  to  problematic  content

35.   According   to   the   last   paragraph,   a   key   to   coping   with   dark   patterns

is             

A.  new  legal  requirements

B.       businesses'self-discipline

C.  strict  regulatory  standards

D.  consumers'  safety  awareness

英语(二)试题 .8 . (共15页)

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Text 4

Although  ethics  classes  are  common  around the world,  scientists  are unsure if  their  lessons  can  actually  change  behavior;  evidence  either  way  is  weak, relying  on  contrived  laboratory  tests  or  sometimes  unreliable  self-reports.  But  a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation,  a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.

The researchers investigated one class session's impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric  Schwitzgebel,  a  philosopher  at  the  University  of California,  Riverside:  students'  attitudes  on  the  topic  are  variable  and  unstable,  behavior  is  easily  measurable,  and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces  environmental  harm  and  animal  suffering.  Half  of  the  students  in  four  large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an  11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The  other  half focused  on  charitable  giving  instead.  Then,  unknown  to  the  students, the researchers  studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that  semester— nearly  14,000 receipts  for almost  500  students.

Schwitzgebel   predicted   the   intervention   would   have   no   effect;   he   had previously  found  that  ethics  professors  do  not  differ  from  other professors  on  a range  of behaviors,  including  voting  rates,  blood  donation  and  returning  library books.  But  among  student  subjects  who  discussed  meat  ethics,  meal  purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent—and this effect held steady for the study's duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52  percent.

"That's   actually   a   pretty   large   effect   for   a   pretty   small   intervention," Schwitzgebel    says.    Psychologist   Nina    Strohminger    at    the   University    of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real  but  cannot  rule  out  some  unknown  confounding  variable.  And  if real,  she notes,  it  might  be  reversible  by  another  nudge:"Easy  come,  easy  go."

Schwitzgebel   suspects  the  greatest  impact  came  from   social  influence— classmates  or  teaching  assistants  leading  the  discussions  may  have  shared  their own   vegetarianism,   showing   it   as   achievable   or   more   common.   Second,the video may have had  an  emotional  impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument,  although his  co-authors  say reason might play  a bigger role. Now the researchers  are probing  the  specific  effects  of teaching  style,  teaching  assistants' eating  habits  and  students'  video  exposure.  Meanwhile  Schwitzgebel—who  had predicted no effect—will be eating his words.

英语(二)试题 .9 . (共15页)

36.  Scientists  generally  believe  that  the  effects  of  ethics  classes  are             

A.  hard  to  determine

B.   narrowly   interpreted

C.  difficult  to  ignore

D.   poorly   summarized

37.  Which  of the  following  is  a  reason  for  the  researchers  to  study  meat  eating?

A.  It  is  common  among  students.

B.  It  is  a  behavior  easy  to  measure.

C.  It  is  important  to  students'  health.

D.  It  is  a  hot  topic  in  ethics  classes.

38.Eric   Schwitzgebel's  previous   findings   suggest   that   ethics  professors              ·

A.  are  seldom  critical  of their  students

B.  are  less  sociable  than  other  professors

C.  are  not  sensitive  to  political  issues

D.  are  not  necessarily  ethically  better

39.  Nina  Strohminger  thinks  that  the  effect  of the  intervention  is              ·

A.

B.

C.

D.

permanent

predictable

uncertain

unrepeatable

40.  Eric  Schwitzgebel  suspects  that  the  students'  change  in  behavior              ·

A.  can  bring  psychological  benefits

B.  can  be  analyzed  statistically

C.  is  a  result  of multiple  factors

D.  is  a  sign  of  self-development

英语(二)试题 . 10 . (共15页)

Part B

Directions:

Read the  following text  and  answer the  questions by  choosing the most  suitable subheading  from  the  list  A-G  for  each  of  the  numbered  paragraphs(41-45).  There  are  two  extra  subheadings  which  you  do  not  need  to  use.  Mark  your

answers  on  the  ANSWER  SHEET.(10  points)

A. Make it a habit

B.  Don't  go  it  alone

C.  Start  low,  go  slow

D.  Talk  with  your  doctor

E.  Listen to your body

F.Go  through  the  motions

G.  Round  out your routine

How to Get Active Again After a Break

Moving your body has been  shown to reduce anxiety and depression, lower rates of many types of cancer and the risk of a heart attack, and improve overall

immunity.  It  also helps build  strength  and  stamina.

Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days because of  COVID- 19  concerns,  it  can  be  tricky  to  know  where  to   start.  And  it's important  to  get  the  right  dose  of activity."Too  much  too  soon  either  results  in injury  or  burnout,"  says  Mary  Yoke,PhD,  a  faculty  member  in  the  kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington. The following simple strategies

will help you return to exercise safely after a break.

41.                      

Don't try to go back to what you were doing before your break. If you were

walking 3 miles a day, playing  18 holes of golf three times a week, or lifting  10-

英语(二)试题 . 11. (共15页)

pound  dumbbells  for three  sets  of  10 reps, reduce  activity to half a mile  every other day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walksl on other days, or use   5-pound  dumbbells  for  one   set  of  10  reps.  Increase  time,  distance,and intensity  gradually."This  isn't  something  you  can  do  overnight,"  says  Keri  L.  Denay,  MD,  lead  author  of  a  recent  American  College  of  Sports  Medicine advisory that encourages Americans to not overlook the benefits of activity during the pandemic. But you will reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep

right  away.

42.                      

If you're breathing too hard to talk in  complete  sentences, back  off. If you feel  good,  go  a  little  longer  or  faster.  Feeling  wiped  out  after  a  session?  Go easier  next  time.  And  stay  alert  to  serious  symptoms,  such  as  chest  pain  or pressure,  severe  shortness  of breath  or  dizziness,  or  faintness,  and  seek medical

attention  immediately.

43.                      

Consistency  is  the  key  to  getting   stronger  and  building  endurance  and stamina. Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT,a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital. All the experts we spoke  with  highly  recommend  walking  because  it's  the  easiest,  most  accessible form of exercise. Although it can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back  to  Zumba  classes,  tennis,  cycling,  or  any  other  activity,  walking  is  also  a

great first step.

44.                   

Even  if you  can't  yet  do  a  favorite  activity,  you  can  practice  the  moves.  With  or without  a  club  or racket,  swing  like you're hitting the ball. Paddle  like you're  in  a  kayak  or  canoe.  Mimic  your  favorite  swimming  strokes.  The  action will remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for

when you can get out there again.

45.                      

英语(二)试题 . 12. (共15页)

Exercising with  others  "can keep you  accountable  and make  it more  fun,so you're more likely to do it again," Jackovitz  says. You can do  activities  such  as  golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when  you can't connect in person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a  friend  while  you  walk  around  your  neighborhood.  FaceTime  or  Zoom  with  a  relative as you strength train or stretch at home. You can also join a livestream or  on-demand  exercise  class.  SilverSneakers  offers  them  for  older  adults,  or  try

EverWalk  for virtual  challenges.

Section Ⅲ   Translation

46   .       Directions;

Translate   the   following   text   into   Chinese.   Write   your   answers   on   the

ANSWER   SHEET.(15   points)

Although  we  try   our  best,   sometimes   our  paintings  rarely  turn   out   as originally   planned.   Changes   in   the   light,   the   limitations   of  your   painting materials, and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out

trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.

Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually  be  good  for  you.  Unexpected  results  have  two  benefits:  you  pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and realise that when one door closes, another  opens.  You  also  quickly  learn  to  adapt  and  come  up  with  creative solutions to the problems the painting presents and thinking outside the box will become   your   Second   nature.   In   fact,   creative   problem-solving   skills   are incredibly useful in daily life, with which you're more likely to be able to find a

solution when problem arises.

英语(二)试题 . 13. (共15页)

Section   IV     Writing

Part A

47. Directions:

Suppose you are planning a campus food festival, write an e-mail to the

international students in your university to

1)introduce  the  food  festival,and

2)invite  them  to  participate.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not use your own name in the email. Use"Li Ming"instead.(10 points)

Part B

48.Directions:

Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should

1)interpret the chart, and

2)give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)

2018-2020我国快递业务量变动情况

(单位：10亿件)

英语(二)试题 .14. (共15页)

2022年考研英语(二)真题答案速查表

1～5  BBADC                          6～10  ACCBB                        11～15 CDBAA

16～20 DADCD                         21～25  DCCBA                        26～30  DACDA

31～35 CDBBB                          36～40 ABDCC                        41～45  CEAFB

Section Ⅲ   Translation

尽管我们尽了自己最大的努力，但有时我们的绘画很少能达到预期的效果。光线的变 化，绘画材料的限制以及经验和技巧的缺乏，都意味着你最初想要呈现的效果也许并不会如 你预期的那样生动逼真。

虽然这可能令人沮丧和失望，但事实证明，这实际上可能对你有好处。意想不到的结果  有两个好处：你很快就能学会处理失望情绪，并意识到当一扇门关闭时，另一扇门就会打开。 你也能很快学会适应并想出创造性的办法来解决绘画中出现的问题，而且跳出固有思维模式  将成为你的第二天性。实际上，创造性的问题解决技能在日常生活中十分有用，掌握这种技  能，你就更有可能在问题出现时找到解决办法。

英语(二)试题  . 15 . (共15页)

☆考生注意事项☆

1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指 定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。

2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷 条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由 考生自负。

3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须 书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在 草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。

4. 填(书)写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂 写部分必须使用2B 铅笔填涂。

5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。

(以下信息考生必须认真填写)

考生编号

考生姓名